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Home » Archives » March 2005 » Speaking of the work selection processes in Arad 2005

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03/20/2005: "Speaking of the work selection processes in Arad 2005"


In search of many points of view and of debate in terms of the basis and the practice of net “collective curatory”, at certain degree unknown, that is used in the Biennial of Contemporary Art “Arad 2005”. As follows there are some approaches related to the work selection process.

Introduction

In the life history of any contemporary creator, post-creative moments arise, where the bursting of his/her work –when looking for its exhibition, the granting of an award, honor or its direct sale- takes risks, being subdued or conditioned by the game of power between value judgment and the circumstances and beliefs that are to a certain point arbitrary, coming from the social environment that is unequally globalized.


Currently the reshaping of the curatory work sets the situation of creator-social environment relationship. This turns out to be a hybrid professionalizing, where there is a combination of skills that are more or less specialized, systematic and complex, taken from different disciplines linked to ways of evaluating products or, best considered, “artistic goods”.

Taking this channel, subtleties or thickness of shapes of one or another esthetic taste gain a tremendously deformed and significant influence; this is of somewhat more importance when they are guaranteed by one or another official institution and/or corporation. Acting as art curator, critic, or commissioner, even with an art activist-artists association, involves translating a particular and non-transferable oneself sensitivity, to a somewhat extensive range of judgments, backed-up by certain ways of social relations and certain personal/professional history.

Administering the sources

According to Umberto Eco in History of Beauty, written with Girolamo De Michele (2004, Lumen), beauty of Greek art is expressed by those senses that allow keeping a distance between object and observer. The formula is more sight and ear, and less touch, taste and smell.

Greek and Western art in general, unlike certain eastern artistic forms, attach great importance to the correct distance of the work, in which no direct contact is involved. On the other hand, Japanese sculptures are touched and interaction is carried out with a Tibetan sand mandala.

Sound and vision are the two forms of privileged preparation by the Greek (probably because, unlike smell and flavor, it can be reduced to measures and numerical orders).

But even when music is acknowledged for its privilege of expressing the soul, it is but only to the visible forms that the definition beauty (kalón) applies, as “that which pleases and attracts”.
This difference is understood when one takes into account that a statue had to represent an “idea” (and, therefore, it involved detailed contemplation), whereas music was interpreted as something that aroused passions.

Due to this implication that is produced in the spirit of the audience, the forms perceived by the ear, such as music, arise suspicion.

Music rhythm subsides at the perennial (and disharmonious, as it lacks of limits) flowing of things.

So, disorder and music constitute a sort of dark side of apollinian, harmonic and visible beauty, and as such, they are included in the action sphere of Dionysus.

Memento Mori.

It is not accidental that Manierism was not well-understood and appreciated but until Modern Age. If beauty is deprived from criteria of measurement, order and proportion, it is inevitable to leave it to undefined, subjective judgment criteria. A symbolic case of this trend is the character of Arcimboldo, an artist considered inferior or marginal in Italy, who attains success and notoriety at the Habsburg’s Court.

His amazing compositions, his portraits with faces made of objects, vegetables, fruits, etc., surprised and entertained the audience.

Arcimboldo’s beauty is free from every appearance of classicism and is expressed through surprise, the unexpected, sharpness.

Arcimboldo demonstrates how even a carrot can be beautiful, but it simultaneously represents a beauty that is so not in virtue of an objective rule, but only thanks to public consensus, “public opinion” of the courts.

The distinction between proportion and disproportion, between shape and the unshaped, visible and invisible disappear. The representation of the unshaped, invisible, vague goes beyond the oppositions between beautiful and ugly, true and false.

The representation of beauty reaches complexity; it is referred to imagination more than to intelligence and it is provided with new rules.

That is why manierist beauty expresses tearing of the soul that is slightly blurred; it is a refined, educated, and cosmopolitan beauty alike the court that appreciates it and the one that orders the works (whereas baroque will have more popular and sensitive features).

The end of the 17th century and the 18th century are marked by the appearance of women in public life. This way, feelings, taste, and passion loose the negative aura of irrationality. Taken up again by reason, they paradoxically become the main characters in a fight against the dictatorship of the reason itself.

Feelings represent a reserve to which Rousseau resorts with the purpose of rebelling against modern, artificial and decadent beauty, recovering for the eyes and heart the right to dive into original and incorrupt beauty of nature, with a feeling of melancholic nostalgia for the “good savage man” and for the spontaneous child that once were part of men and have been lost.

Frontier objectivity – subjectivity

In the so-called “scientific” esthetic, such as in Charles Lalo, as well as in the “Marxist esthetic” we set out from the postulate of beauty as the esthetic environment itself. For Lalo, art would go after particular type of “pleasures” typical of esthetic as, in short, are admiration, charm, production of vitality, and “pleasant” feelings.

Accepting this, in a way legitimized criticism as mere expression of pleasure or lack of pleasure that the so-called art critics experience before the works that are left to their judgment.

Nevertheless, for Kant, esthetic judgments are produced on the level of sensitivity, which is a self-governing human function in relation with will (practical reason) and with understanding (pure reason).

So, reason, will, sensitivity would be self-governed functions. Since reason has not much to say in the field of art, its criticism would be a fraud.

I.e., we cannot give a supposedly objective value to the “critic’s” opinions. This person –not because he/she may be a bad critic- would be too abusive if he/she ever suggested that his statements and judgments are obviously valid. Why? Because the objective validity of artistic judgments is impossible.

This poses a significant theoretical matter, regarding esthetic, placing us in the difficult situation of defining what is what the audience –recipients- of the works of art have the right to demand, for them to be “good”? Can this be kept in a scientifically verifiable way? (Art critic would then be a scientific profession). Does being good makes them pleasant?

Would it be enough for us to “simply like it o not”? And then, what would be good for some audience and bad for others can be excellent? And both positions will be equally legitimate?

Let’s not forget Eco, who suggests, “That which builds up beauty is sight”, never is it the observed object.

We will also have to be moved by reading in Greece the inscriptions on the wall of the Temple of Delphi: “The most exact is the most beautiful”, “respect the limit”, “hate the hybris (insolence)” and “not too much of anything”

I sympathize more with the spirit “of the artist who represents the most alarming aspects of life”.



































A propósito de los procesos de selección de obra en Arad 2005

Armando CÁCEDA

Buscando puntos de vista múltiples y de discusión sobre los fundamentos y el ejercicio de la "curaduría colectiva" en red, hasta cierto punto inédita, utilizada en la Bienal de Arte Contemporáneo “Arad 2005”. Se presentan a continuación algunos planteamientos relacionados con el proceso de selección de obra.

Intro

En la historia de vida de cualquier creador contemporáneo, aparecen momentos post creativos en los cuales la irrupción de su obra—al buscar exponerla, el otorgamiento de un premio o una distinción o la venta directa— arriesga, sometiéndose o condicionando el juego de poder entre los juicios de valor y las circunstancias y creencias más o menos arbitrarios del entorno social, desigualmente globalizado.

En la actualidad, la situación de la relación creador–entorno social está marcada por la reconformación de la labor curatorial. Ésta última resulta ser una profesionalización híbrida, donde se combinan habilidades más o menos especializadas, sistemáticas y complejas tomadas de diversas disciplinas ligadas a las formas de evaluación de los productos o, en la mejor consideración, los “bienes artísticos”.

Por esta vía, las sutilezas o grosuras de las formas de tal o cual gusto estético cobran un peso enormemente deformado y trascendental. Más aún si están avaladas por tales y cuales instituciones oficiales y/o corporaciones empresariales.
Ejercer como críticos, comisarios o curadores del arte, inclusive a un colectivo de artistas–activistas del arte, implica traducir una particular e intransferible sensibilidad propia de cada quien, a una más o menos extensa gama de juicios de razón, respaldada por ciertas formas de relaciones sociales y ciertos antecedentes curriculares.

Abrevando en las fuentes

Según Umberto Eco en Historia de la belleza, escrito junto con Girolamo De Michele (2004, Lumen), la belleza del arte griego es expresada por aquellos sentidos que permiten mantener la distancia entre el objeto y el observador; la fórmula es, más vista y oído, y menos tacto, gusto u olfato.

El arte griego y el occidental en general, a diferencia de ciertas formas artísticas orientales, dan mucha importancia a la distancia correcta de la obra, con la que no se entra en contacto directo; en cambio, las esculturas japonesas se tocan, y con un mandala tibetano de arena se interactúa.

Sonido y visión son las dos formas de percepción privilegiadas por los griegos (probablemente porque, a diferencia del olor y del sabor, se pueden reducir a medidas y órdenes numéricos).

Pero aunque se reconozca a la música el privilegio de expresar el alma, sólo a las formas visibles se aplica la definición de bello (kalón) como “lo que agrada y atrae”.

Esta diferencia se entiende si se tiene en cuenta que una estatua debía representar una “idea” (y, por tanto, suponía una contemplación detenida), mientras que la música se interpretaba como algo que suscita pasiones.

Debido a esta implicación que se produce en el ánimo del espectador, las formas perceptibles por el oído, como la música, despiertan sospechas.

El ritmo de la música remite al fluir perenne (y disarmónico, porque carece de límites) de las cosas.

Así pues, desorden y música constituyen una especie de lado oscuro de la belleza apolínea armónica y visible, y como tales se incluyen en la esfera de acción de Dionisos.

Memento Mori

No es casual que el manierismo no haya sido bien entendido y valorado hasta la Edad Moderna. Si se priva a lo bello de los criterios de medida, orden y proporción, inevitablemente es sometido a criterios de juicio subjetivos, indefinidos. Un caso emblemático de esta tendencia es la figura de Arcimboldo, artista considerado menor o marginal en Italia, que alcanza éxito y notoriedad en la corte de los Habsburgo.

Sus sorprendentes composiciones, sus retratos con rostros compuestos de objetos, vegetales, frutas, etcétera, sorprenden y divierten a los espectadores.

La belleza de Arcimboldo está despojada de toda apariencia de clasicismo y se expresa a través de la sorpresa, lo inesperado, la agudeza.

Arcimboldo demuestra que incluso una zanahoria puede ser bella, pero al mismo tiempo representa una belleza que lo es no en virtud de una regla objetiva sino tan solo gracias al consenso del público, de la “opinión pública” de las cortes.

Desaparece la distinción entre proporción y desproporción, entre forma e informe, visible e invisible; la representación de lo informe, de lo invisible, de lo vago trasciende las oposiciones entre bello y feo, verdadero y falso.

La representación de la belleza gana complejidad, se remite a la imaginación más que a la inteligencia y se dota de reglas nuevas.

Por eso, la belleza manierista expresa un desgarramiento del alma apenas velado; es una belleza refinada, culta y cosmopolita como la aristocracia que la aprecia y encarga las obras (mientras que el barroco tendrá rasgos más populares y emotivos).

Los años finales del siglo XVII y la XVIII centuria están marcados por la aparición de la mujer en la vida pública. Por esta vía, el sentimiento, el gusto y las pasiones pierden el aura negativa de la irracionalidad. Retomados por la razón, se convierten paradójicamente en protagonistas de una lucha contra la dictadura de la propia razón.

El sentimiento representa una reserva a la que recurre Rousseau para rebelarse contra la belleza moderna artificiosa y decadente, recuperando para el ojo y el corazón el derecho a sumergirse en la belleza originaria e incorrupta de la naturaleza, con un sentimiento de nostalgia melancólica por el “buen salvaje” y por el niño espontáneo que originariamente se hallaban en el hombre y que ya se han perdido.

Objetividad–subjetividad fronterizas

En la llamada estética “científica”, como en Charles Lalo, como en la “estética marxista” se parte del postulado de la belleza como el ámbito propio de la estética.
Para Lalo, el arte iría en persecución de un tipo particular de “placeres” propios de la estética como en definitiva son la admiración, la simpatía, la producción de vitalidad y sentimientos “agradables”.

Aceptar esto, legitima de algún modo la crítica como mera expresión del placer o el displacer que los llamados críticos de arte experimentan ante las obras que someten a juicio.

Sin embargo, para Kant los juicios estéticos se producen en el plano de la sensibilidad, que es una función humana autónoma en relación con la voluntad (razón práctica) y con el entendimiento (razón pura).

De manera que la razón, la voluntad y la sensibilidad serían funciones autónomas. Como la razón no tiene mucho qué decir en el campo del arte, la crítica del mismo sería una impostura.

Es decir, no podemos darle un valor presuntamente objetivo a las opiniones del “crítico”. Esta persona –no porque sea un mal crítico– sería muy abusiva de su parte, si nos propone que sus afirmaciones y sus juicios son válidos objetivamente, ¿por qué?: porque la validez objetiva de los juicios artísticos es imposible.

Esto plantea una cuestión teórica importante, referente a la estética, al ponernos en el trance de definir qué es lo que los espectadores –los receptores– de las obras de arte tenemos derecho a exigir de ellas, ¿que sean “buenas”? ¿Esto se puede mantener en forma científicamente verificable? (Entonces la crítica de arte sería una profesión científica). ¿Acaso ser “buenas” las hace placenteras?

¿Bastará con que “nos gusten” o no, y entonces lo que para unos espectadores es malo, para otros puede ser excelente, y ambas posiciones serán igualmente legítimas?

No olvidemos a Eco, quien plantea, "lo que funda la belleza es la mirada", nunca el objeto observado.

También habrá que emocionarse leyendo en Grecia, las inscripciones escritas en el muro del templo de Delfos: "Lo más exacto es lo más bello", "respeta el límite", "odia la hybris (insolencia)" y "de nada demasiado".

Simpatizo más con el espíritu "del artista que representa los aspectos más inquietantes de la vida".

Replies: 3 Comments

on Monday, March 28th, muller jean francois said

This is Muller Jean Francois welcoming you to his home and giving you a close up look at his collection of his art work so enjoy.if interested you can call:(973)926-0204 email:artmuller2003@yahoo.com
letters:P.O.BOX 20216 Newark,Nj 07101
WEBSITE:WWW.artistpaintingonline.COM IN GOD WE TRUST

on Thursday, March 24th, Walt said

Armando,

Yes it is a pity and a shame that it is so small a show of the best out there. I understand that it is incredibly complex, that wealth and power ultimately decide and that we assume that there is much more than what we are told is the best to be seen. Now with the internet more artists are able to put themselves forward (we don't do this to hang it in a closet) yet even with the freedom of the internet finding those really great artists is hard work. And that there is a lot that is not so great that one has to wade through. But of course this is my own bias at work and others would pick works I would avoid. Ultimately it is not whether an artist is accepted in their own time but whether they eventually emerge (not in the way the term is being used today but in reality, historically. Vermeer and Van Gogh are perfect examples of an artist who has finally found a way to the surface.)

As teacher I know there are some students there paying the bills only to keep the lights on for the truly gifted ones. But the fact is that (because of my own biases) I cannot make final decisions for their lives. And I am often surprized by who succeeds and who fails once out of school. So I must encourage all of them as if I believed each one was the next Rembrandt or Picasso.

I met with two younger artists in Brooklyn just as this post came out. We did a three legged studio visit starting at mine. Both have talent and are at a stage in their painting when interesting problems are beginning to emerge. At this point I can only respond to them as colleagues and any critique (and they critiqued my work as well) must be done quite carefully. At the same time I received a remarkable critique of my online work by Gabriel Laderman the other day. Laderman was mentioned in this blog. Positive and negative points all were on the mark. Brilliant guy. Haven't had a solid critique like that since grad school.

on Tuesday, March 22nd, jose freitas cruz said

Caro Armando, an interesting account of how what we have been ‘fed’ and led to believe is important throughout the years becomes iconic beyond reproach and leads to the marginalization of a great many things that don’t get to be seen by the ‘eyes that count’. The History of Art, like all History is but the narrative of what a privileged few have conspired to make visible. No objectivity there. At the most it can be read like a deformed map of an imaginary country. Marked are the achievements that have been favoured by the elite rising like huge edifices upon which they stake their immortality, but the richness and the profundity of the country run the risk of being lost, outshone by the glare of these icons. Archimboldo was lucky – by all measures bold, but lucky to have had the Habsburgs – but how many Archimboldo’s have we lost along the way or remain out there waiting to be ‘seen’. Things will never change and the only resort is to persevere egolessly on the course we have decided to take without the expectation of reward or recognition… whether history will tell, or not, is not – should not be – the focus of the artist’s worries. Only that way can the artist remain sufficiently awake to capture those alarming aspects of life you mentioned. Gracias Armando.

 

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